to-do 的“动态”涵义

周志高 提交于 周二, 12/10/2019 - 11:59

He hurried to the bus stop, only telling the bus had left.

这个句子是错误的,telling 应该改为 to be told.

telling 表示“正在发生“,用 telling 的话,显示 telling the bus had left 和 hurried to the bus stop 是同时发生,而且是 He told others, 他告诉别人公交车已经走了,而不是他被告知公交车已经走了。但是实际上,必须是他先匆匆忙忙地赶到 bus stop, 然后才被告知 the bus had left.

to do 隐含有动作“尚未开始”的涵义。在 do sth to do (another thing) 这样的结构中,在 do sth 的时候,后面的 to do (another thing) 尚未发生,也就是说,to do (another thing)是在 do sth 之后发生。

例如:

  1. I come here to meet my friend.

在这个句子中,to meet my friend 这个动作是 come here 的目的,这里隐含着 meet my friend 在 come here 之后发生,或者说在发生 come here 这个动作时, meet my friend 尚未开始。这里的 to meet my friend 是意料之中的打算。

以上句子中的 to 等于 in order to.

  1. He eats only to survive.

这个句子中, to survive 是 eats 的目的,隐含着survive 在 eats 之后发生,或者说在 eats 发生时, survive 尚未开始。这里的 to survive 也是意料之中的打算。

  1. I agree, if only to shut her up.

这个句子中, to shut her up 显然也是 agree 的目的,隐含着 shut her up 在 agree 之后发生,也就是说 agree 发生时, shut her up 尚未开始,这里的 only to shut her up 也是意料之中的打算。

  1. I arrived only to find that the others had already left.

这个句子, to find that the others had already left 是在 arrive 后发生,但是很明显,to find that the others had already left 不是 I arrived 的真正目的。所以这里的 only to 有“出乎意料”的含义。

  1. He spent months negotiating for a pay increase, only to resign from his job soon after he’d received it.

这个句子中  to resign from his job soon after he’d received it 是在 He spent month negotiating for a pay increase 之后发生,  但是这显然不是他花那么长时间谈判的真正目的,所以,这里的 only to 有“出乎意料”的含义。

同样的,He spent four years to get a degree, only finding there were no jobs for graduates. 中的 finding 应该改成 to find. 因为 find there were no jobs for graduates 是在 He spent four years to get a degree之后发生 的,也就是说 He spent four years to get a degree 的时候, find there were no jobs for graduates 尚未发生。这里 only to find there were no jobs for graduates 也不是他读 4 年书的真正目的,所以这里的 only to 也是表达了“出乎意料”的含义。

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高三
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